Table 6.1 shows normal prevertebral spaces at the levels from C1 to C7. | |||
Table 6.1 Normal Prevertebral Soft Tissue Width | |||
Level | Flexion (mm) |
Midposition (mm) |
Extension (mm) |
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 |
5.6 ( 2-11) 4.1 ( 2- 6) 4.2 ( 3- 7) 5.8 ( 4- 7) 17.1 (11-22) 16.3 (12-20) 14.7 ( 9-20) |
4.6 ( 1-10) 3.2 ( 1- 5) 3.4 ( 2- 7) 5.1 ( 2- 7) 14.9 ( 8-20) 15.1 (11-20) 13.9 ( 9-19) |
3.6 ( 1- 8) 3.8 ( 2- 6) 4.1 ( 3- 6) 6.1 ( 4- 8) 15.2 (10-20) 13.9 ( 7-19) 11.9 ( 7-21) |
Table 7.1 presents the ranges of movement at the atlanto-occipital and the atlantoaxial functional units. | |||
Table 7.1 Table of Means, ± the Confidence Limits of the Principal Manipulated Ranges of Motion of the Craniovertebral Joints of the Sample of 13 Specimens | |||
Extension to Flexion | Axial Rotation (right to left) | Lateral Flexion (left to right) | |
O-C1 | 18.63 ± 151[0.70] | 3.43 ± 1.02 [0.39] | 3.97 ± 1.54 [0.59] |
C1-C2 | 13.33 ± 2.35 [0.90] | 35.16 ± 7.39 [2.83] | 4.07 ± 2.01 [0.77] |
Tables 7.2-4 give the coupled ranges of movement during each of the principal ranges of movement | |||
Table 7.2 Mean Rotation Effects of X-Axis Rotation | |||
Full Flexion From Full Extension |
|||
X Rotation | Y Rotation | Z Rotation | |
O-C1 | 18.63° | 0.79° (right rotation) | 0.60° (left lateral flexion) |
C1-C2 | 13.33° | 2.22° (right rotation) | 0.28° (right lateral flexion) |
Table 7.3 Mean Rotation Effects of Y-Axis Rotation | |||
Right to Left Axial Rotation |
Lateral Flexion |
||
X Rotation | Y Rotation | Z Rotation | |
O-C1 | 1.54° (extension) | 3.43° | 2.69° (right) |
C1-C2 | 0.87° (extension) | 35.16° | 2.91° (left) |
Table 7.4 Mean Rotation Effects of Z-Axis Rotation | |||
Left to Right Lateral Flexion |
|||
X Rotation | Y Rotation | Z Rotation | |
O-C1 | 0.334° (extension) | 0.33° (right rotation) | 3.97° |
C1-C2 | 0.70° (flexion) | 7.16° (right rotation) | 4.07° |
Table 7.5 gives representative values of the range of rotation of the craniovertebral complex. | |||
Table 7.5 Represenative Values of the Range of Rotation of the Occiputal-atlanto-axial Complex | |||
Unit of Complex | Type of Motion | Degrees of Motion | |
Occiputal-atlantal-joint (O-C1) |
Flexion-extension (±0x) Lateral bending (±0z) Axial rotation (±0y) |
13° (Moderate) 8° (Moderate) 0° (Negligible) |
|
Atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2) |
Flexion-extension (±0x) Lateral bending (±0z) Axial rotation (±0y) |
10° (Moderate) 0° (Negligible) 47° (Extensive) |
|
Based on review of literature and analysis of the authors of: "The Cervical Spine" by: The Cervical Spine Research Society |
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Table 7.6 gives the 95 percent confidence interval for the ranges of flexion-extension, ventrodorsal and cephalocaudad translations. | |||
Table 7.6 The 95% Confidence Interval for Ranges of Movement of C2-C7 of 55 normal subjects as Measured Using Functional X-ray and Geometric Measurement Technique | |||
Segment | Degrees of Flexion-Extension Range | Ventrodorsal Translation Range (mm) | Cephalocaudad Translation Range (mm) |
C2-3 C3-4 C4-5 C5-6 C6-7 |
9.87-11.71 13.58-15.74 16.00-18.48 15.48-18.76 12.80-15.32 |
2.67-3.19 3.27-3.83 2.61-5.18 2.89-3.57 1.81-2.41 |
-1.17- -0.89 -1.60- -1.28 -2.00- -1.56 -2.14- -1.66 -1.78- -1.38 |
Table 7.7 shows the rotation ranges for the lower vertical spine. | |||
Table 7.7 Limits and Representative Values of Range of Rotation of the lower Cervical Spine | |||
Flexion/Extension (x-axis rotation) |
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Interspace | Limits of Ranges (degrees) | Representative Angle (degrees) | |
C2-3 C3-4 C4-5 C5-6 C6-7 C7-T1 |
5-23 7-38 8-39 4-34 1-29 4-17 |
8 13 12 17 16 9 |
|
Lateral Bending (z-axis rotation) |
|||
Interspace | Limits of Ranges (degrees) | Representative Angle (degrees) | |
C2-3 C3-4 C4-5 C5-6 C6-7 C7-T1 |
11-20 9-15 0-16 0-16 0-17 0-17 |
10 11 11 8 7 4 |
|
Axial Bending (y-axis rotation) |
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Interspace | Limits of Ranges (degrees) | Representative Angle (degrees) | |
C2-3 C3-4 C4-5 C5-6 C6-7 C7-T1 |
6-28 10-28 10-26 8-34 6-15 3-13 |
9 11 12 10 9 8 |
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