Week 4

Tables to prevertebral soft tissues


Table 6.1 shows normal prevertebral spaces at the levels from C1 to C7.
Table 6.1 Normal Prevertebral Soft Tissue Width

Level Flexion
(mm)
Midposition
(mm)
Extension
(mm)

C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
5.6 ( 2-11)
4.1 ( 2- 6)
4.2 ( 3- 7)
5.8 ( 4- 7)
17.1 (11-22)
16.3 (12-20)
14.7 ( 9-20)
4.6 ( 1-10)
3.2 ( 1- 5)
3.4 ( 2- 7)
5.1 ( 2- 7)
14.9 ( 8-20)
15.1 (11-20)
13.9 ( 9-19)
3.6 ( 1- 8)
3.8 ( 2- 6)
4.1 ( 3- 6)
6.1 ( 4- 8)
15.2 (10-20)
13.9 ( 7-19)
11.9 ( 7-21)

Tables to biomechanics of cervical spine


Table 7.1 presents the ranges of movement at the atlanto-occipital and the atlantoaxial functional units.
Table 7.1 Table of Means, ± the Confidence Limits of the Principal Manipulated Ranges of Motion of the Craniovertebral Joints of the Sample of 13 Specimens

  Extension to Flexion Axial Rotation (right to left) Lateral Flexion (left to right)

O-C1 18.63 ± 151[0.70] 3.43 ± 1.02 [0.39] 3.97 ± 1.54 [0.59]
C1-C2 13.33 ± 2.35 [0.90] 35.16 ± 7.39 [2.83] 4.07 ± 2.01 [0.77]
 
Tables 7.2-4 give the coupled ranges of movement during each of the principal ranges of movement
Table 7.2 Mean Rotation Effects of X-Axis Rotation

  Full Flexion From Full Extension
  X Rotation Y Rotation Z Rotation

O-C1 18.63° 0.79° (right rotation) 0.60° (left lateral flexion)
C1-C2 13.33° 2.22° (right rotation) 0.28° (right lateral flexion)
 
Table 7.3 Mean Rotation Effects of Y-Axis Rotation

  Right to Left Axial Rotation
Lateral Flexion
  X Rotation Y Rotation Z Rotation

O-C1 1.54° (extension) 3.43° 2.69° (right)
C1-C2 0.87° (extension) 35.16° 2.91° (left)
 
Table 7.4 Mean Rotation Effects of Z-Axis Rotation

  Left to Right Lateral Flexion
  X Rotation Y Rotation Z Rotation

O-C1 0.334° (extension) 0.33° (right rotation) 3.97°
C1-C2 0.70° (flexion) 7.16° (right rotation) 4.07°
 
Table 7.5 gives representative values of the range of rotation of the craniovertebral complex.
Table 7.5 Represenative Values of the Range of Rotation of the Occiputal-atlanto-axial Complex

Unit of Complex Type of Motion Degrees of Motion

Occiputal-atlantal-joint (O-C1) Flexion-extension (±0x)
Lateral bending (±0z)
Axial rotation (±0y)
13° (Moderate)
8° (Moderate)
0° (Negligible)

Atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2) Flexion-extension (±0x)
Lateral bending (±0z)
Axial rotation (±0y)
10° (Moderate)
0° (Negligible)
47° (Extensive)

Based on review of literature and analysis of the authors
of: "The Cervical Spine"
by: The Cervical Spine Research Society
 
Table 7.6 gives the 95 percent confidence interval for the ranges of flexion-extension, ventrodorsal and cephalocaudad translations.
Table 7.6 The 95% Confidence Interval for Ranges of Movement of C2-C7 of 55 normal subjects as Measured Using Functional X-ray and Geometric Measurement Technique

Segment Degrees of Flexion-Extension Range Ventrodorsal Translation Range (mm) Cephalocaudad Translation Range (mm)

C2-3
C3-4
C4-5
C5-6
C6-7
 9.87-11.71
13.58-15.74
16.00-18.48
15.48-18.76
12.80-15.32
2.67-3.19
3.27-3.83
2.61-5.18
2.89-3.57
1.81-2.41
-1.17- -0.89
-1.60- -1.28
-2.00- -1.56
-2.14- -1.66
-1.78- -1.38
 
Table 7.7 shows the rotation ranges for the lower vertical spine.
Table 7.7 Limits and Representative Values of Range of Rotation of the lower Cervical Spine

  Flexion/Extension
(x-axis rotation)
 
Interspace Limits of Ranges (degrees) Representative Angle (degrees)

C2-3
C3-4
C4-5
C5-6
C6-7
C7-T1
5-23
7-38
8-39
4-34
1-29
4-17
8
13
12
17
16
9

  Lateral Bending
(z-axis rotation)
 
Interspace Limits of Ranges (degrees) Representative Angle (degrees)

C2-3
C3-4
C4-5
C5-6
C6-7
C7-T1
11-20
9-15
0-16
0-16
0-17
0-17
10
11
11
8
7
4

  Axial Bending
(y-axis rotation)
 
Interspace Limits of Ranges (degrees) Representative Angle (degrees)

C2-3
C3-4
C4-5
C5-6
C6-7
C7-T1
6-28
10-28
10-26
8-34
6-15
3-13
9
11
12
10
9
8

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Because english is not the native language of the authors, we apologize for any inconvenience.

© 1998 by Matthias Kraft & Gesine Schröter;
EMail to: M.Kraft@fhtw-berlin.de & g.schroeter@fhtw-berlin.de
Last changed: Sunday, 08-Feb-2009 12:42:19 CET